Endangered tongues

Many northern languages carry knowledge that does not translate: dozens of distinct terms for snow, ice, wind, reindeer behavior. UNESCO lists nearly all of them as endangered to varying degrees.

• North Sami: ~25,000 speakers - the largest Sami language.
• Inuktitut: spoken across Canadian Arctic; co-official in Nunavut.
• Nenets: ~22,000 speakers in northern Russia.
• Greenlandic (Kalaallisut): the official language of Greenland.